ABSTRACT. Previous studies have revealed that the direct object/verb (OV) word order typical of Quechua and Aymara is also prevalent in Andean Spanish. The current study examines the frequency of such structures in Lima, Peru, where massive migration over the past 60 years has brought speakers of Andean indigenous languages and rural Andean Spanish into close contact with speakers of limeno Spanish. Goldvarb analysis of data from 34 participants (seven first-generation migrants, six 1.5-generation migrants, 10 second-generation migrants, and 11 native limenos) indicates that the pragmatic functions that motivated OV order among the participants include those found in noncontact varieties of Spanish, as well as others reported for rural Andean Spanish. Furthermore, LI speakers of an indigenous language, who were almost all first- and 1.5-generation immigrants, were significantly more likely to use OV word order than L1 Spanish speakers. In contrast, in the speech of second-generation migrants, nearly all of whom spoke Spanish as an L1, the frequency of OV word order was similar to that documented for other non-contact varieties of Spanish.

1. INTRODUCTION. During the latter half of the twentieth century, Lima, Peru experienced a massive increase in population as a result of migration from the provinces. While in 1940 its population was comprised of 645,000 inhabitants, by the end of the 20'h century the population was 7.5 million, a more than tenfold increase in a span of approximately 60 years. Migration from rural areas occurred for economic reasons, but also due to the political violence that primarily affected Quechua-speaking areas in the 1980s and early 1990s. Migrants from Quechua-and Aymara-speaking areas of Peru generally arrive in Lima already speaking a rural variety of Andean Spanish, a dialect that has been heavily influenced by these indigenous languages, which are still spoken by up to seventy percent of the residents of the southern Andes. Because it is a dialect that is associated with the indigenous population of Peru, Andean Spanish is highly stigmatized in Lima. The features of this dialect have been described by a number of linguists (Caravedo 1996, 1999; Cerron-Palomino 2003; Escobar 1978; Escobar 1988,2011; Godenzzi 1987; Klee 1996; Lozano 1975; Lujan et al 1984; Muysken 1984; Pozzi-Escot 1973; Sanchez 2003). The phonological features of this dialect are similar to those of other conservative varieties of Spanish. Consonants, for example, tend to be retained in syllable-final position, while in coastal Peruvian Spanish they are weakened or deleted. Furthermore,/r/is frequently assibilated, and this is one of the few remaining areas in the Spanish-speaking world in which the lateral palatal /[??]/ is maintained. Other features of Andean Spanish include the neutralization of number, case, and gender in third-person object pronouns (i.e. lo or le is used in place of la, las, los, les), more frequent Object-Verb (OV) word order--the word order typical of Quechua and Aymara--and the semantic extension of the present perfect and past perfect verb forms to include an evidential parameter, a parameter which is required in Qnechua and Aymara but not typical of non-contact varieties of Spanish....