The anarchist monthly journal Mother Earth (March 1906-August 1917) and its successor journal Mother Earth Bulletin (October 1917-April 1918) were the most vital English language anarchist journals in America during the early twentieth century. Mother Earth was the creation of one of the leading anarchists in the American movement, Emma Goldman. "Red Emma," as she became known, was born hi Kovno, Russia, in 1869. She immigrated to the United States with her half sister Helena in 1885, arriving in Rochester, New York. She began working in a clothing factory and married Jacob Kershner, a fellow factory worker. Goldman soon left the loveless union. Still without having learned English or having assimilated to American culture, she moved to New York City in August 1889. Within days she met two of the most influential men in her life, the German anarchist Johann Most and a fellow Russian Jewish immigrant, Alexander Berkman. Her lifelong relationship with the anarchist Berkman was based on their mutual Russian radical background. They admired the nihilist Russians who had fought to reform the autocracy through both propaganda and radical activism. Both believed that the United States was the home of Jeffersonian democracy and became disillusioned by a nation in which capitalist interests had, by the 1890s, subsumed what Goldman and Berkman understood to be the roots of republican virtues. The "judicial murder" of the anarchists in the Chicago Haymarket Riots of 1886 that resulted from a worker movement to win an eight-hour day became a focal point for