Introduction
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) wrote his epic poem, the Divine Comedy, during the last thirteen years of his life), while in exile from his native Florence. There are three parts to this massive work: Inferno, Purgatory and Paradise. In each section Dante the poet recounts the travels of the Pilgrim--his alter ego--through hell, purgatory, and heaven, where he meets God face to face. The primary theme is clear. In a letter to his patron, Can Grande della Scala, Dante wrote simply that his poem was, on the literal level, about "The state of souls after death." It is, of course, that and much more; the poem works on a number of symbolic levels, much like the Bible, one of its primary sources. Like that sacred text, Dante meant his work and his Pilgrim traveler to serve as models for the reader. He hoped to lead that reader to a greater understanding of his place in the universe and to prepare him for the next life, for the life that begins after death.
The greatness of the Divine Comedy lies in its construction as a summa, as a summation of knowledge and experience. Dante was able to weave together pagan myth, literature, and philosophy; Christian theology and doctrine; physics, astrology, cartography, mathematics; and literary theory, history, and politics into a complex poem that not just the highly educated could read. For Dante boldly chose to write his poem of salvation in his own Italian dialect, not in Latin, which was the language of church, state, and epic poetry during his time. Its impact was so great that Dante's Tuscan dialect became what later generations recognized as modern Italian.
As one of the greatest works, not just of the late Middle Ages, but of Western literature, the Divine Comedy has had incalculable influence. The poem was immediately successful--Dante's own sons, Pietro and Jacopo, wrote the first commentaries on it--and it continues to be read and taught regularly modern times. Many of Western literature's major figures were indebted to Dante's masterwork. A highly selective list includes: Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375); Geoffrey Chaucer (circa 1344-1400); Don Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza, the first Marqués de Santillana (1389-1458); John Milton (1608-1674); William Blake (1757-1827); Victor Hugo (1802-1885); Joseph Conrad (1857-1924); James Joyce (1882-1941); Ezra Pound (1885-1972); Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), and Italo Calvino (1923-1985).
If this impressive list were not testament enough, one has only to consider the four to five hundred manuscripts of the Divine Comedy in existence (an almost unheard of number), the four-hundred some Italian printed editions, and the hundreds of English translations to get some idea of this work's impact on Western culture. Clearly, readers have found the Divine Comedy relevant to their lives since its composition in the early fourteenth century. Perhaps this influence is because Dante Alighieri, for all the differences between his era and modern times, wrestled with and wrote about concerns that affect all who take the time to think about them: What is the purpose of this life?...