20082 pages
Topic overview
The Z-D model refers to the analysis contained in chapter 3, “The Principle of Effective Demand,” of John Maynard Keynes’s The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936). It was in this early chapter that...
20084 pages
Topic overview
The term zero population growth encompasses both an urgent call to reduce the number of human beings and a neutral description of anticipated future demographic conditions. In either case, social scientists have not...
20084 pages
Topic overview
Xenophobia is discrimination against and hatred of foreigners, targeting outsiders and strangers or more often those who are in effect part of one’s own society but are perceived as incommensurably different from the...
20083 pages
Topic overview
Aggression is defined as behavior that is intended to harm others and that is perceived as harmful by the victim. Because aggression is such a broad phenomenon, subtypes of aggression have been proposed to reconcile...
20083 pages
Topic overview
The notion of aggregate demand formally made its appearance in John Maynard Keynes’s (1883-1946) General Theory in 1936 and, in its numerous guises, quickly rose to become a vital concept in economists’ tool kit of...
20083 pages
Topic overview
Aggregate supply is an aggregate analogue of the concept of supply for individual goods and services markets that is used in microeconomic analysis. The aggregate supply of goods and services is usually taken to be...
20082 pages
Agency overview
The African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) is a program that the United States launched in 1996 to address challenges of peacekeeping and conflict management in Africa. Its formation was prompted by fears that the...
20082 pages
Topic overview
Over the last three decades or so, the production, validation, legitimation, and mediation of knowledge about peoples African and of African descent were subjects of often very heated debate. A significant number of the...
20081 page
Topic overview
Activism refers to action by an individual or group with the intent to bring about social, political, economic, or even ideological change. This change could be directed at something as simple as a community organization...
20082 pages
Topic overview
The concept of adverse selection is used to identify a market process in which low-quality products or customers are more likely to be selected as a result of the possession of asymmetric information by the two sides of...
20082 pages
Topic overview
Advertising is a form of mass media designed to promote a specific product, service, or idea on behalf of a business or organization. Advertisers ordinarily use media such as television, radio, print (magazines,...
20083 pages
Topic overview
The black-white achievement gap refers to disparities between African American (black) and European American (white) students on educational outcomes that include standardized test scores, grade-point averages, high...
20082 pages
Topic overview
African American adolescents sometimes ridicule their peers for behaving in ways they identify as characteristic of whites. A variety of behaviors may trigger this response: manner of speech and dress, choice of...
20082 pages
Topic overview
The consumption function, a key behavioral relationship in macroeconomics, was first introduced by John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) in 1936. While Keynes offered no precise functional formulation of the propensity to...
20083 pages
Organization overvie...
Historically, the social sciences in the United States were the province of amateurs, clergy, and practitioners who belonged to the interdisciplinary American Social Science Association. During the early twentieth...
20082 pages
Organization overvie...
The establishment of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in 1902 was the culmination of a gradual process of professionalization in American anthropology that revealed subdisciplinary, regional, and...
20083 pages
Biography
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar contributed to the development of the Indian nation during the formative stages of its history in the first half of the twentieth century. Ambedkar was born into a low-caste untouchable family in...
20082 pages
Topic overview
The study of group dynamics and interaction is often termed microsociology. There are many different areas investigated within microsociology, and there are different perspectives and methodologies. The area can be...
20082 pages
Topic overview
Occam’s Razor (Ockham’s Razor) is also known as the Law of Economy, the Law of Parsimony, or the Principle of Parsimony. It says “entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity” ( Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter...
20082 pages
Topic overview
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and intrusive obsessions and/or compulsions that are excessive or unreasonable, are time-consuming, and cause marked distress for the...
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The Z-D model refers to the analysis contained in chapter 3, “The Principle of Effective Demand,” of John Maynard Keynes’s The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936). It was in this early chapter that...
Activism refers to action by an individual or group with the intent to bring about social, political, economic, or even ideological change. This change could be directed at something as simple as a community organization...