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- 1From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and hardening of molten magma. The word igneous comes from the Latin word igneus, meaning fire, and there are two main types of igneous rocks: intrusive and extrusive. Intrusive...
- 2From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)When a set possesses an identity element for a given operation, the mathematical system of the set and operation is said to possess the identity property for that operation. An identity element is defined as any...
- 3From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Metamorphic rock is rock that has changed from one type of rock into another. The word metamorphic (from Greek) means “of changing form.” Metamorphic rock is produced from igneous rock (rock formed from the cooling and...
- 4From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)Bowen's reaction series describes the temperature dependent formation of common minerals as magma cools to form igneous rocks. The temperature of the magma and the rate of cooling determine which minerals can form and...
- 5From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)Geologists define rocks as aggregates of minerals, which are naturally occurring, inorganic substances with specific chemical compositions and structures. A rock can consist of many crystals of one mineral or...
- 6From:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (3rd ed.)Pronunciation: (ig-nee-uhs) Rocks formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten materials. Igneous rocks can form beneath the Earth's surface, or at its surface, as lava. Granite, solid volcanic lava, and basalt...
- 7From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Magma is molten rock within Earth that consists of liquids, gases, and particles of rocks and crystals. Magma has been observed in the form of hot lava and the various rocks made from the solidification of magma....
- 8From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Iguanas are large, ancient, herbivorous lizards with a stocky trunk, long, slender tail, scaly skin, and a single row of spines from the nape of the neck to the tip of the tail. On either side of the head is an eye with...
- 9From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)As befits a dynamic Earth, the study of earth science embraces a multitude of subdisciplines. At the heart of earth science is the study of geology. Traditional geological studies of rocks, minerals, and local formations...
- 10From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Geochemical analysis is the process through which scientists determine the chemical compounds that constitute Earth, its atmosphere, and its seas. To a lesser degree, geochemical analysis can also be used to understand...
- 11From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Metamorphism is the process by which the structure and mineral content of rocks transform in response to changes in temperature, pressure, fluid content (gas or water), or a combination of these. Because the minerals...
- 12From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)Bedrock is hard rock exposed at Earth's surface or buried beneath loose sediment sometimes referred to as regolith. It can be of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin. A surface exposure of bedrock is called an...
- 13From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)A continent is a large land mass and its surrounding shallow continental shelf. Both are composed primarily of granite, which is lighter than the liquid mantle of the Earth and therefore floats upon it like cork on...
- 14From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)A diamond is a precious stone (mineral) that is considered a clear and generally colorless crystalline form of pure carbon, with the same carbon composition as graphite, but with a different structure. It is the hardest...
- 15From:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (3rd ed.)The continuous process in which hot, molten material coming to the surface of the Earth from the interior forms igneous rocks, which are then broken down by weathering to create soil and sedimentary rocks. These...
- 16From:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (3rd ed.)A type of igneous rock that is formed when molten magma from a volcano hardens....
- 17From:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (3rd ed.)The process by which materials form or are deposited in layers, as in sedimentary rocks and some igneous rocks. The atmosphere and the ocean also exhibit stratification, with the warmer air or water occupying the...
- 18From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)The moon (referred to as Luna in Latin, hence the adjective lunar for everything pertaining to it), Earth's only natural satellite, is a roughly spherical, rocky body that orbits Earth at an average distance of 238,000...
- 19From:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (3rd ed.)A relatively lightweight igneous rock that makes up most of the Earth's crust beneath the continents. (See basalt, plate tectonics, and tectonic plates.)...
- 20From:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (3rd ed.)Molten rock usually located deep within the mantle of the Earth that occasionally comes to the surface through cracks in the mantle or through the eruption of volcanoes. When magma cools and solidifies, it forms...