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- 1From:Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue BriefsDecember 15, 2022 Environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) and environmental ribonucleic acid (eRNA) are trace amounts of genetic material collected from an environmental sample, such as from soil, terrestrial and...
- 2From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)RNA splicing is the process in which introns, or intervening sequences within a gene, are removed from ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcribed from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), prior to translation of RNA into protein....
- 3From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)Ribosomes are structures that are critical in the making of protein within cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) housed within the chromosomes in the nucleaus of eukaryotes, and dispersed in the interior of prokaryotic...
- 4From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)Ribonucleic acid (RNA), like deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), is composed of nucleic acids that are found in the nucleus of plants and animals. Nucleic acids consist of high–molecular–weight macromolecules, which are made up...
- 5From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)Proteomics is a discipline of microbiology and molecular biology that arose from the gene sequencing efforts that culminated with the publication of the sequence of the human genome in 2001. In addition to the human...
- 6From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)Retroviruses are viruses in which the genetic material consists of ribonucleic acid (RNA) instead of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Retroviruses produce an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase that uses RNA as a template...
- 7From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)The history of how the modern human species, Homo sapiens sapiens, evolved is reconstructed by evidence gathered by paleontologists, anthropologists, archeologists, anatomists, biochemists, behavioral scientists, and...
- 8From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)Ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is made up of nucleic acids, has a variety of functions in a cell and is found in many organisms including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) differ...
- 9From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)The genome is the full set of genes or genetic material carried by a particular organism. The size of a genome is usually measured in numbers of genes or base pairs (a base, or nucleotide, is the building block of the...
- 10From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)The study of an organism's total complement of genetic material, called its genome, has become indispensable for shedding light on its biochemistry, physiology, and patterns of inheritance. Even more can be gained by...
- 11From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)For centuries, humans have used microorganisms to make products like beer and cheese, and plants and animals have been carefully bred to improve the quality and quantity of the food supply. The elucidation of the...
- 12From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Genetic disorders refer to medical conditions that develop as the result of abnormalities in an individual's genetic material, usually that is inherited. Inheriting or developing a genetic disorder leads to a collection...
- 13From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Fungi are one of the five kingdoms of organisms. Like higher plants (of the kingdom Plantae), most fungi are attached to the substrate they grow on. Unlike plants, fungi do not have chlorophyll and are not...
- 14From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)A gene chip, also called a microarray (or DNA microarray), consists of a solid support to which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments are attached. A similar type of microarray that incorporates attached messenger...
- 15From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Forensic genealogy, also called forensic genetic genealogy (FGG), involves the use of data derived from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis in traditional genealogy research to generate potential crime suspects. The...
- 16From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique in which single-stranded nucleic acids—usually deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), but ribonucleic acid (RNA) may also be used—are permitted to interact so that complexes,...
- 17From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Genetics is the branch of biology concerned with the science of heredity—the transfer of specific characteristics from one generation to the next. Genetics, from the Greek genno to “give birth,” focuses primarily on...
- 18From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)A gene mutation refers to a change in the building blocks (nucleotides) that specify the sequence of a gene. A gene mutation can enhance, impair, or completely block a gene's activity. There are many different types of...
- 19From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)The United States Human Genome Project (HGP) was an initiative formally launched in 1990 by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the US Department of Energy (DOE) to better understand all aspects related to human...
- 20From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)In genetics, the term palindrome refers to a sequence of nucleotides along a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) strand that contains the same series of nitrogenous bases regardless from which direction...