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- 1From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)A chelate is a type of coordination compound in which a single metallic ion is attached by coordinate covalent bonds to a molecule or an ion called a ligand. The term chelate comes from the Greek word chela, meaning...
- 2From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)A chemical bond is any force of attraction that holds two atoms or ions together. In most cases, that force of attraction is between one or more electrons held by one of the atoms and the positively charged nucleus of...
- 3From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)A carbonyl group in chemistry is a group of atoms that consists of a carbon (C) atom covalently attached to an oxygen (O) atom by a double bond: C = O. The carbon atom, to satisfy its valence of 4, must also be attached...
- 4From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)Dipole, literally, means “two poles.” It refers to two electrical charges, one negative and the other positive. Dipoles are common in atoms whenever electrons (negatively charged) are unevenly distributed around nuclei...
- 5From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)Bony fish (Osteichthyes) are distinguished from other fish species that have a cartilaginous skeleton (Chondrichthyes—sharks, rays and chimeras, for example) by the presence of true bone—a mixture of calcium phosphates...
- 6From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)Adhesives bond two or more materials at their surface and may be classified as structural or nonstructural. Structural adhesives can support heavy loads, while nonstructural adhesives cannot. Most adhesives exist in...
- 7From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)A material, in chemistry, is called a metal based on the way it reacts to other elements. Metallic elements characteristically form positive ions when their compounds are in solution. Their oxides form hydroxides rather...
- 8From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)A complex is a species in which the central atom is surrounded by a group of Lewis bases that have covalent bonds to the central atom. The Lewis bases that surround the central atom are generally referred to as ligands....
- 9From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Molecular weight (MW) is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule. (Although molecular weight is often used, the more accurate terminology is molecular mass.) A molecule can be viewed as an entity of one...
- 10From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Mole-rats are small, fossorial rodents, which means they spend their entire lives underground in a sealed burrow system. Native to Africa, these little animals are found from the southernmost tip of the continent to...
- 11From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Mineralogy is the branch of geology concerned with the study of minerals. A mineral is a naturally occurring, homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and a highly ordered atomic structure. A homogeneous...
- 12From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)A monomer is a molecule or compound, usually containing carbon, with a relatively low molecular weight and simple structure; monomers form the fundamental building blocks of polymers, synthetic resins, and elastomers....
- 13From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Lewis structures (also called electron-dot structures) are formed when Lewis symbols (also called electron-dot symbols) are combined. Lewis symbols are a simple way of visualizing the valence electrons in an atom. In a...
- 14From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)A radical is an uncharged atom or molecule that has an unpaired, or “free,” electron. Radicals are formed when a covalent bond in an atom or molecule is split apart and the remaining pieces retain one electron of the...
- 15From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)In ordinary usage, minerals are the natural, nonliving materials that compose rocks and are mined from Earth. Examples are metals, gemstones, clays, and ores. The scientific definition of a mineral is more limited. To...
- 16From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)A hydrocarbon is any chemical compound composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogenatoms. Carbon atoms have the unique ability to form strong bonds with each other, atom after atom. Every hydrocarbon molecule is built...
- 17From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)Precipitation is defined both in chemistry and in meteorology. Precipitation, in chemistry, is a process that causes dissolved substances to separate from a solution as a solid. The resulting solid, from a precipitation...
- 18From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)Quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of theoretical physics that involves the theory used to provide an understanding of the behavior of microscopic particles such as electrons and atoms. More importantly, quantum...
- 19From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)A crystal is a solid composed of atoms in a highly ordered, definite, geometric arrangement that is repeated in all directions within the crystal. Crystals have always attracted the curiosity of humans. Archaeologists...
- 20From:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (3rd ed.)Pronunciation: (pol-uh-muhrz) Industrially produced chemical substances consisting of a number of molecules linked together with covalent bonds. Examples include plastics, synthetic fibers such as synthetic rubber....