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- 1From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The German reformer Martin Luther (1483-1546) was the first and greatest figure in the 16th-century Reformation. A composer of commentaries on Scripture, theology, and ecclesiastical abuses, a...
- 2From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)Astronomy is the scientific study of the universe and all the celestial bodies, gases, dust, and other materials within it. It seeks to describe the structure, movements, and processes of celestial bodies and materials....
- 3From:AEI Paper & StudiesIn the following pages, the editors of this AEI Public Opinion Study look at how key demographic groups have voted over time. This compilation covers 13 presidential elections, and it will be invaluable for scholars,...
- 4From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The English historian and philosopher of history Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1972) described himself as a "metahistorian" whose "intelligible field of study" was civilization. Arnold Toynbee was...
- 5From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The Christian philosopher and theologian St. Augustine (354-430) is best known for "The Confessions" and "The City of God." After the authors of the New Testament, he has probably been the most...
- 6From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The life of the English humanist and statesman Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) exemplifies the political and spiritual upheaval of the Reformation. The author of "Utopia," he was beheaded for opposing...
- 7From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, 1st Baron Acton (1834-1902), was a major English scientific historian and Catholic philosopher. His work is distinguished by the application of rigorous standards...
- 8From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyThe Christian philosopher and theologian St. Augustine (354-430) is best known for The Confessions and The City of God. After the authors of the New Testament, he has probably been the most influential Christian writer....
- 9From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyThe life of the English humanist and statesman Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) exemplifies the political and spiritual upheaval of the Reformation. The author of Utopia, he was beheaded for opposing the religious policy of...
- 10From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY Xu Guangqi (1562-1633) was a Chinese scholar-official, who rose to one of the highest government positions in the Ming dynasty, pioneered in the introduction of Western science and technology into...
- 11From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY Rosemary Radford Ruether (born 1936) was an internationally acclaimed church historian, theologian, writer, and teacher specializing in the area of women and religion. She was a major voice in...
- 12From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY John XXIII (1881-1963) was pope from 1958 to 1963. He convoked the Second Vatican Council, thus launching a renewal in the Roman Catholic Church and inaugurating a new era in its history. The...
- 13From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY German philosopher Edith Stein (1891-1942) was a leading proponent of the phenomenological school of thought led by Edmund Husserl in the first half of the twentieth century. In her writings, Stein...
- 14From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The German scholar and humanist Philip Melancthon (1497-1560) was the chief systematic theologian of the early Reformation and principal author of the famous Augsburg Confession of 1530. Philip...
- 15From:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (3rd ed.)A religious movement in the sixteenth century that began as an attempted reform of the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the founding of Protestant churches separate from it. Some of the leaders of the Reformation...
- 16From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The English statesman Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex (ca. 1485-1540), was the chief minister of Henry VIII from 1532 to 1540 and was largely responsible for revolutionary reforms in the English...
- 17From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)Catastrophism is the doctrine that Earth's history has been dominated by cataclysmic events rather than gradual processes acting over long periods of time. For example, a catastrophist might conclude that the Rocky...
- 18From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)Quinine is an alkaloid obtained from the bark of several species of the cinchona tree. Until the development of synthetic drugs, quinine was used as the primary treatment of malaria, a disease that kills over 100 million...
- 19From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Ethnobotany is the study of the relationships between plants and people. Most often, however, the term is used in relation to the study of plant use by people prior to the introduction of industrialization. Many academic...
- 20From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The American clergyman Washington Gladden (1836-1918) was a pioneer of the Social Gospel and a key spokesman for liberal Protestantism. On Feb. 11, 1836, Washington Gladden was born in...