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- 1From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)In most plants, the root system is a below-ground structure that serves primarily to anchor the plant in the soil and take up water and minerals. Roots may be less familiar than the more visible flowers, stems, and...
- 2From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)A hydrothermal vent is a geyser that is located on the floor of the sea. The first such vent was discovered in 1977 on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. Since then, vents have been discovered at a variety of locations in...
- 3From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)The genome is the full set of genes or genetic material carried by a particular organism. The size of a genome is usually measured in numbers of genes or base pairs (a base, or nucleotide, is the building block of the...
- 4From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Gangrene is a disease that is caused most frequently by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, which can live in the absence of oxygen. In an infected wound, growth of the bacterium and resulting production of a toxin...
- 5From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Hemorrhagic diseases are caused by infection with certain viruses or bacteria. Viruses cause virtually all the hemorrhagic diseases of microbiological origin that arise with any frequency. The various viral diseases also...
- 6From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Gene editing, also called genome editing, refers to a set of molecular technologies that are used to modify the sequence of a gene. These techniques are considered forms of genetic engineering. Similar to how words can...
- 7From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Histamines are chemicals released by cells of the immune system during the inflammatory response, which is one of the body's defenses against infection. For instance, the inflammatory response helps neutralize bacteria...
- 8From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)Cell staining refers to the use of chemicals that bind to cell components or which are retained inside the cell, in order to help visualize cells that would otherwise be transparent under the illumination of the light or...
- 9From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)Antibiotics are natural or synthetic compounds that kill bacteria. There are a myriad of different antibiotics that act on different structural or biochemical components of bacteria. Antibiotics have no direct effect on...
- 10From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)Acne, also called acne vulgaris, is a chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands embedded in the skin. These glands secrete sebum, an oily lubricant. As a skin disease, acne is characterized by pimples primarily on the...
- 11From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Isoantibodies are antibodies (proteins that defend against foreign agents, such as bacteria) in blood. Hemagglutination (clumping of red blood cells) reactions are used in the typing of blood. The presence or absence...
- 12From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)Brucellosis is a disease caused by bacteria in the genus Brucella. The disease infects animals such as swine, cattle, and sheep. Humans can become infected indirectly through contact with infected animals or by drinking...
- 13From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)A bioassay is the use of a living organism to test for the presence of a compound or to determine the amount of the compound that is present in a sample. The organism used is sensitive to the compound for which the test...
- 14From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Legionnaire disease is a type of pneumonia caused by Legionella bacteria. The bacterial species responsible for Legionnaire disease is L. pneumophila. Major symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, and a cough that...
- 15From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)Antibacterial drugs stop bacterial infections in two ways: they prevent bacteria from dividing and increasing in number, or they kill the bacteria. The former drugs, which prevent bacteria from increasing in number but...
- 16From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Meningitis is a potentially fatal inflammation of the meninges, the thin, membranous covering of the brain and the spinal cord. Meningitis is most commonly caused by infection (by bacteria, viruses, or fungi), although...
- 17From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Rates of evolution change vary widely, among characteristics and among species. Evolutionary rate of change can be estimated by examining fossils and species that are related to each other. The rate of change is governed...
- 18From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)The Eubacteria are the largest and most diverse taxonomic group of bacteria. Some scientists regard the Eubacteria group as an artificial assemblage, merely a group of convenience rather than a natural grouping. Other...
- 19From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)Diseases that are more common among children than adults are referred to as childhood diseases. That is not to say that adults cannot or will not contract these illnesses, but usually, children contract these diseases...
- 20From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)Diphtheria is a serious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diptheriae. Usually, the bacteria initially infect the throat and pharynx. During the course of the infection, a membranelike growth appearing on...