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- 1From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Homeostasis (a Greek term meaning same state), is the maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment of the body, even in the presence of large swings in the external environment. Conditions such as body...
- 2From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)An organism is any individual living entity. Organisms range in size and complexity from microorganisms to multicellular plants and animals. Earth's organisms are organized into three domains based on their cellular and...
- 3From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Several polypeptide hormones play important roles in growth and cell reproduction in humans and other vertebrates. The major human growth hormone (hGH), sometimes also called somatotropin or somatropin, is a protein made...
- 4From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Hallucinogens are substances that alter the user's thought processes or mood to the extent that he/she perceives objects or experiences sensations that in fact have no reality. Many natural and some artificially made...
- 5From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)Antimetabolites are substances that inhibit normal metabolism. They are widely used in medicine because they can kill or inactivate microorganisms that cause disease. Terms such as antibacterials, antifungals, and...
- 6From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas gland, one of the glands in the endocrine system. Insulin, working in harmony with other hormones, regulates the level of blood sugar (glucose). Endocrine glands are ductless...
- 7From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by molds and fungi such as mushrooms. These toxic substances, which are also known as secondary metabolites, are byproducts of metabolism that are not essential to fungal growth....
- 8From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Glycolysis, a series of enzymatic steps in which the six-carbon glucose molecule is degraded to yield two three-carbon pyruvate molecules, is a central catabolic pathway in plants, animals, and many microorganisms. In...
- 9From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)Carboxylic acids are chemical compounds that contain a carboxyl group, which contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms symbolized by the chemical name COOH. The carboxyl group is attached to another hydrogen (H) atom...
- 10From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)A poison is a chemical that causes an unwanted and deleterious malfunction in an organism's metabolism. A toxin is a poison produced by a microorganism, plant, or animal. Poison and toxin are often used interchangeably....
- 11From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Metabolic disorders are diseases caused by errors in metabolism. The term “metabolism” refers to the sum of the chemical reactions in the body. Metabolic problems can be traced to numerous metabolic pathways found in...
- 12From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Metabolism refers to the highly integrated network of chemical reactions by which living cells grow and sustain themselves. This network is composed of two major types of pathways: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism...
- 13From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 6. 6th ed.)Physiology is the study of how various biological components work independently and together to enable organisms, from animals to microbes, to function. This scientific discipline covers a wide variety of functions from...
- 14From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 2. 6th ed.)Cytochromes are electron-transporting protein pigments concerned with cell respiration that contain an iron-containing molecule called heme, allied to that of hemoglobin. When the iron of heme accepts an electron, it...
- 15From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 1. 6th ed.)The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen that is required for the performance of the activities of a biological organism (one example is a bacterium) or a portion of the organism (one example is the...
- 16From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Lactic acid is a colorless water-soluble liquid that freezes (or solidifies) at 64.4°F (18°C)—just slightly below normal room temperature. It is scientifically known as alpha-hydroxypropanoic acid and has the chemical...
- 17From:National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases PamphletsResearch Update Feb. 14, 2019 Gaining new insights into the link between diabetes and higher risk of dementia, scientists discovered, in research in mice, that insulin and the related hormone IGF-1 act in multiple...
- 18From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The English biochemist Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861-1947) was the first to recognize the necessity for "accessory factors" in the diet, thereby initiating important work in vitamin research....
- 19From:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (3rd ed.)Pronunciation: (muh-tab-uh-liz-uhm) The total of the chemical reactions that maintain the life of a living thing. In humans, metabolism is related to the intake and use of food; persons with a high metabolism can...
- 20From:National Institute on Drug Abuse PamphletsAfrican-Americans who smoke consume fewer cigarettes than their White counterparts. A new study suggests a biological basis for this difference: reduced activity of a liver enzyme cytochrome P450, (2A6) that metabolizes...