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- 1From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Heat, within the science of physics, is defined as the transfer of thermal energy from one part of a material to another part of a material, or from one body to another body. Heat exchange reflects and drives...
- 2From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 4. 6th ed.)Heat transfer, in thermal physics, is the net passage of energy as a result of temperature differences. This energy is transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature until thermal equilibrium (equality of...
- 3From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Entropy is a physical quantity that is primarily a measure of the thermodynamic disorder of a physical system. Entropy has the unique property in that its global value must always increase or stay the same. This property...
- 4From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Energy transfer describes the changes in energy (a state function) that occur between organisms within an ecosystem. Living organisms are constantly changing as they grow, move, reproduce, and repair tissues. These...
- 5From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)An energy budget describes the ways in which energy is transformed from one state to another within some defined system, including an analysis of inputs, outputs, and changes in the quantities stored. Ecological energy...
- 6From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 5. 6th ed.)Metabolism refers to the highly integrated network of chemical reactions by which living cells grow and sustain themselves. This network is composed of two major types of pathways: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism...
- 7From:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (Vol. 3. 6th ed.)Ecological pyramids are graphical representations used to represent the energy in various tophic levels of ecosystems. Ecological pyramids may depict the number of individuals, the biomass, or the amount of energy in...
- 8From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The German physicist Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858-1947) discovered the quantum of action which provided the key concept for the development of quantum theory. Max Planck was born on April...
- 9From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The German physicist Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (1822-1888) was one of the chief architects of thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases. Born on Jan. 2, 1822, in Köslin, Pomerania, R....
- 10From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) was an American mathematical physicist whose pioneer work in statistical mechanics laid the basis for the development of physical chemistry as a science. When...
- 11From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The lasting fame of the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906) rests on the statistical interpretation which he gave to classical thermodynamics. Ludwig Boltzmann was born on Feb. 20,...
- 12From:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (3rd ed.)The branch of physics devoted to the study of heat and related phenomena. The behavior of heat is governed by the three laws of thermodynamics: (1) The total energy of an isolated system cannot change; this is the law...
- 13From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The French physicist, chemist, and historian of science Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem (1861-1916) published work in thermodynamics, physical chemistry, hydrodynamics, elasticity, electricity and...
- 14From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862-1951), a pioneer of modern meteorology, was especially known for his studies in hydrodynamics and thermodynamics and their relation to atmospheric motion. Following the steps...
- 15From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY The British chemist and educator Sir William Ramsay (1852-1916) discovered the rare gases and did important work in thermodynamics. William Ramsay was born at Queen's Crescent, Glasgow, on Oct....
- 16From:Encyclopedia of World BiographyBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY Walther Nernst (1864-1941) made a significant breakthrough with his statement of the Third Law of Thermodynamics, which holds that it should be impossible to attain the temperature of absolute zero...