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Literature Criticism
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Aeschylus was the first of the three famous poets (Sophocles and Euripides are the other two) who, from antiquity onwards, have been celebrated as the great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece. In accordance with the...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Gottfried Benn was one of the most important German poets of the 20th century. His early work—notably the poems of Morgue (1912) and the innovative prose works of the years 1915-21 (the so-called `Rönne stories')—forms a...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)The Lime Works, which, together with Gargoyles (Verstörung), marks the culmination of Bernhard's early fiction, is characterized by a narrative structure which is at once both complex and lucid. The main narrator, an...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)St Augustine's works are characterized by their number and their variety. When he came to edit them at the end of his life he had 93 on his library shelves, not including vast numbers of letters and sermons as well as...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Paris Peasant is commonly considered the most exhilarating and enduring of Aragon's surrealist prose works. It appeared in instalments in La Revue européenne before being published as a single text in 1926. It comprises...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)After two early plays, L'Hermine (The Ermine) and Y'avait un prisonnier, considered promising but not extremely successful, Jean Anouilh achieved his real breakthrough, artistically and financially, with Le Voyageur sans...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)This poem, the opening text of The Flowers of Evil, appeared in print for the first time in June 1855 in the Revue des Deux Mondes in a selection of 18 Baudelaire poems. In both contexts it operates as an introduction or...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Paul Celan is arguably the most important poet who wrote in German in the period after 1945. His poetry met with early and widespread recognition, although critics have always found difficulty in reconciling its...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)The protean talent of Aleksandr Pushkin gave Russian literature its first firm foothold in the wider arena of European letters. Pushkin developed and refined the literary language into a graceful, economical vehicle of...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)The name of Tolstoi is indissolubly linked to Russian literature and the great tradition of the prose novel. Yet these associations, if taken alone, diminish the standing of this unique figure. Tolstoi, the creed of...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Elias Canetti has never been widely known in Britain, although he lived in England from 1939. From 1981, when he won the Nobel prize for literature, the contemporary relevance of his work once again attracted attention....
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Wolfram is best known for his epic poems, but eight short poems composed by him have also been preserved. These display great lyricism, passion, and control. They are also notable for certain features of striking...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Had Machado de Assis not written in the Portuguese language—so often described as `the cemetery of literature'— there is no doubt that he would today be universally regarded as one of the greatest 19th-century writers of...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Spring Awakening, Wedekind's first play of note, was written in the winter months of 1890-91 and was first published at his own expense in 1891. The illustration for this edition, a view of a spring meadow, with flowers...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Yerma, the second play of Lorca's trilogy of rural Andalusian tragedies, was first performed on 29 December 1934. The author repeatedly termed Yerma a work without a plot, the `tragedy of the sterile woman', a concept...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Very little of Sophocles' large output survives, and only his last two plays can be dated with certainty. We are not in a position to trace stylistic or ideological development in his work. Since the seven tragedies we...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Eugenio Montale is generally considered Italy's greatest poet of the 20th century. Much admired by writers and intellectuals of a variety of ideological persuasions, he has been a kind of stabilizing force on the Italian...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Gautier was the acknowledged leader and spokesman of the `L'Art pour l'Art' (`Art for Art's sake') movement which formed a major current in French poetry in the middle decades of the 19th century, and `Art' is generally...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)Guy de Maupassant's literary apprenticeship ended in 1880 with the appearance of `Boule de suif' (`Ball-of-Fat'). His literary preceptor and friend, Gustave Flaubert, rightly characterized the work as evidence of the...
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From:Reference Guide to World Literature (2nd ed.)In a letter written during the creation of About This, the last of Maiakovskii's great love poems, he described love as the `heart of everything'. It is in these poems—and especially in the major trilogy of Cloud in...