An illustration of errors in using the P value to indicate clinical significance or epidemiological importance of a study finding

We conducted a simulation study to illustrate that P values can suggest but not confirm statistical significance; and they may not indicate epidemiological significance (importance). We recommend that researchers consider reporting effect sizes as P values in conjunction with confidence intervals or point estimates with standard errors to indicate precision (uncertainty). DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000635