Abstract :
Keywords conservation genetics; biodiversity conservation; European Reference Genome Atlas; ERGA Progress in genome sequencing now enables the large-scale generation of reference genomes. Various international initiatives aim to generate reference genomes representing global biodiversity. These genomes provide unique insights into genomic diversity and architecture, thereby enabling comprehensive analyses of population and functional genomics, and are expected to revolutionize conservation genomics. Author Affiliation: (1) The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA (2) LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (3) CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal (4) University of Cambridge, Department of Genetics, Downing Street, CB2 3EH (5) Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Italy (6) University of Göttingen, Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Untere Karspüle, 2, 37073 Germany (7) Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Science, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia (8) University of Florence, Department of Biology, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy (9) CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 7, 4485-661, Portugal (10) Estación Biológica de Doñana, Calle Americo Vespucio 26, 41092, Spain (11) Dept. of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75246, Sweden (12) German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Germany (13) InBios - Conservation Genetics Lab, University of Liege, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000, Belgium (14) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway (15) Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Nijenborgh, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands (16) Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Fornubúðir, 5,220, Hanafjörður, Iceland (17) Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. Américo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Spain (18) Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Belgium (19) Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA (20) University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Dept. of Applied Bioinformatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Germany (21) Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicherstrasse 47b, D-50674, Germany (22) Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Build 3, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark (23) Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Str, 17 10315 Berlin, Germany (24) Chair of Zoology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia (25) CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (26) Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (27) Geneva Natural History Museum, 1 route de Malagnou, 1208 Geneva, Switzerland (28) CIBIO/InBIO, University of Porto, Campus of Vairão, 4485-661, Vila do Conde, Portugal (29) cE3c -- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Àvila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal. (30) CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal (31) Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), S.C. La Laguna, 38206, Spain (32) Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4 14220, Czech Republic (33) University of Agder, Centre for Coastal Research, 25, Universitetsveien, Kristiansand N-4630, Norway (34) Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 46, via Borsari, Ferrara 44121, Italy (35) Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Reseach Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany (36) California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 W Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91767, USA (37) LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (38) UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Bât. Grégor Mendel, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, France 69622 (39) Alliance Bioiversity CIAT, Europe -- Montpellier Office, Bioversity International France, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397 Montpellier Cedex 5, France (40) University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Glagoljaska 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia (41) CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal (42) Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal (43) University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 7, Paseo de la Universidad, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain (44) University of Zurich, Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, 107 Zollikerstrasse, Zurich 8008, Switzerland (45) Arizona State University, 1800 I (Eye) Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA (46) University of Neuchatel, 11, Emile-Argand, Neuchatel CH-2000, Switzerland (47) Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Campus da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, C2 Building, Campo Grande 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal (48) Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France (49) University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry & Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, Room 2.77, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (50) Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway (51) CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas N7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal (52) Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, 25 Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt/Main D-60325, Germany (53) Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 37-49 Passeig marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona 08003, Spain (54) Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy (55) Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), C.P. 160/12, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (56) Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Jordi Girona, 29., , 08034 Barcelona, Spain (57) Centre of Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD2080, Malta (58) Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 26, Via Celoria, Milan 20133, Italy (59) Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA (60) Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, The University of Copenhagen, 5A, Oester Farimagsgade, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark (61) Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (62) The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Ash worth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK (63) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911, ave Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394, France (64) Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Museum Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (65) The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, Tromsø, N-9037, Norway (66) Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), 8, Seckendorff-Gudent Weg, Vienna, 1130, Austria (67) LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany (68) University of Goettiingen, 1 Goldschmidtstr., Goettiingen, 37077, Germany (69) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Dept. of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway (70) University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway (71) Technical University in Zvolen, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Phytology, 24, T.G. Masaryka, Zvolen, 960 01, Slovak Republic (72) Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Department of Ecology, Univeristy of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Ilii, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland (73) Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 1, Viikinkaari, Helsinki, 00790, Finland (74) University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK (75) Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avd. Americo Vespucio 26, Seville, 41092, Spain (76) Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Bat. Mendel, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France (77) Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 NICE Cedex 2, France (78) Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Former U.S. Base of Gournes, P.O. Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece (79) Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Spain (80) Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovská 1160/31, 37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic (81) University of Oslo, 1, Sars' gate, Oslo, 0562, Norway (82) Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, URGI, 78026, Versailles, France (83) National Institute of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (84) Tel Aviv University, School of Zoology, the Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, 12 Klausner street, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel (85) CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 7, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal (86) Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoological Reseach Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany (87) Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 301, Müggelseedamm, Berlin, 12587, Germany (88) Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Università degli Studi di Milano, 2, Via Celoria, Milan, I-20133, Italy (89) University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Department of Ecology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, 101 Zwirki i Wigury, Warszawa, 02-089, Poland (90) Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP51, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France. (91) Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nováis, 12, Madrid, 28040, Spain (92) Ruder Boskovic Institute, 54, Bijenicka Road, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia (93) Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Universitat de Valencia, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain (94) Department of Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16A Pestalozzi St., Timisoara, 300115, Romania (95) cE3c -- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, P-1749-016, Lisboa (96) Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia (97) ETH Zürich, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (98) Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Campus "E. Quagliariello", voa Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy (99) Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland (100) Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales -- CSIC, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28028, Spain (101) Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, 15 Bernastrasse, Bern, 3005, Switzerland (102) Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, I-20133, Italy (103) Department of Health, Life & Environmental Sciences - University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio snc, 67100 L'Aquila-Coppito, Italy (104) Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland (105) Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (106) Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum: Frankfurt, DE, 25 Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany (107) Goethe University, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany (108) Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, 270 Gt King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand (109) Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2, Stångholmsvägen, Drottningholm, 178 93, Sweden (110) Conservation Biology Research Group, University of Malta, Taq-Qroqq, Msida, MSD2080, Malta (111) Conservation Biology Research Group, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta (112) School of Biology, The University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK (113) Forest Ecology and Biogeochemical Fluxes Unit, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, 1, via Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Italy (114) Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales -CSIC, Calle José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain (115) Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (116) Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 18B, Svante Arrheniusväg, Stockholm, S-10691, Sweden (117) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, Munich, 80333, Germany (118) Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E5 8HS, United Kingdom (119) Department of Biology, University of Malta, Biomedical Sciences Building, MSD2080, Msida, Malta (120) University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environental Sciences, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany (121) Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal (122) Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK (123) Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, Gimlemoen 25j, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway (124) Center for Coastal Studies, 5 Holway Avenue, Provincetown, MA 02657, USA (125) China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Dapeng District, Shenzhen 518083, China (126) Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Koenigin-Luise-Str 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany (127) Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany (128) University of Geneva, Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, 4 Boulevard d'Yvoy, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland (129) Dep Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal (130) Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal (131) Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 21, Gaustadallèen, Oslo N-0349, Norway (132) French Institute of Bioinformatics (IFB)--South Green Bioinformatics Platform, Bioversity, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France (133) Environmental Protection College, Trg mladosti 7, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia (134) Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal (135) LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), 25, Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany (136) BioISI- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Campus da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Teclabs Building, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal (137) Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France (138) Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Carrer de Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (139) Ä .F. Abela Junior College, Department of Biology, Ä uzè Debono Square, Msida MSD 1252, Malta (140) University Museum, NTNU, 47B, Erling Skakkes gate, Trondheim, Norway (141) Uppsala University, Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (142) Senckenberg Society for Nature Research, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany (143) Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goettiingen, Germany (144) DIANA -- Carpathian Wildlife Research, 47, Mládeznícka, Banská Bystrica 974 04, Slovak Republic (145) Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain (146) Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, s/n, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal (147) Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 1-3, Königin-Luise-Str., Berlin 12489, Germany (148) BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, 100, Via Università, Portici I-80055, Italy (149) Environmental Advanced Research Institute, West University of Timisoara, Vasile Pârvan 4 Bd., Timisoara 300223, Romania (150) Croatian Biospeleological Society, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb 10000, Croatia (151) Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Unit of Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland (152) Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Campus "E. Quagliariello", voa Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy (153) Institute of Biotechnology (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014, Finland (154) Natural History Museum of London, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK (155) Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 6 Balzerstrasse, Bern 3012, Switzerland (156) Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science & Technology, Seestrasse 79, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland (157) Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany (158) Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal, Estonian Uiversity of Life Sciences, 56A, Kreutzwaldi, Tartu 51006, Estonia (159) Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (160) Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (161) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, GeoBio-Center, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, Munich 80333, Germany (162) Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK (163) Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Biomedical Sciences Building, MSD2080 Msida, Malta (164) Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (165) State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiaochang East Road, Wupan District, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China (166) Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (167) Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA (168) Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain (169) Goethe-University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany (170) CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (171) Consorzio Interuniversitario Bioteconologie, via Flavia, 23/1, 34148 Trieste, Italy (172) LOEWE Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany (173) SNSB - Bavarian State Collections for Palaeontology and Geology, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, Munich 80333, Germany (1) The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA (2) LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (3) University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany (4) Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (5) CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal (6) Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal (7) University of Cambridge, Department of Genetics, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK (8) Wellcome Sanger Institute, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, UK (9) Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy (10) University of Göttingen, Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Untere Karspüle, 2, 37073, Germany (11) University of Florence, Department of Biology, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy (12) CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal (13) Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. Américo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Spain (14) Dept. of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75246, Sweden (15) German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (16) InBios - Conservation Genetics Lab, University of Liege, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000, Belgium (17) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway (18) Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, Gimlemoen 25j, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway (19) Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Nijenborgh, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands (20) Center for Coastal Studies, 5 Holway Avenue, Provincetown, MA 02657, USA (21) Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Fornubúðir, 5, 220 Hanafjörður, Iceland (22) Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Belgium (23) University of Göttingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Dept. of Applied Bioinformatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Germany (24) Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicherstrasse 47b, D-50674, Germany (25) Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Build 3, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark (26) China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Dapeng District, Shenzhen 518083, China (27) Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Str 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany (28) Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany * Correspondence: (footnote)29 Joint first authors. (footnote)30 This work originates from a collective effort within the ERGA Consortium (). (footnote)31 Consortium author information: Giulio Formenti, Kathrin Theissinger, Carlos Fernandes, Iliana Bista, Aureliano Bombarely, Christoph Bleidorn, Fedor Ciampor, Claudio Ciofi, Angelica Crottini, José A. Godoy, Jacob Hoglund, Joanna Malukiewicz, Alice Mouton, Rebekah A. Oomen, Sadye Paez, Per Palsbøll, Christophe Pampoulie, María José Ruiz-López, Hannes Svardal, Constantina Theofanopoulou, Jan de Vries, Ann-Marie Waldvogel, Goujie Zhang, Camila J. Mazzoni, Erich Jarvis, Miklós Bálint, Sargis A. Aghayan, Tyler S. Alioto, Isabel Almudi, Nadir Alvarez, Paulo C. Alves, Isabel R Amorim, Agostinho Antunes, Paula Arribas, Petr Baldrian, Paul R Berg, Giorgio Bertorelle, Astrid Böhne, Andrea Bonisoli-Alquati, Ljudevit L Bostjancic, Bastien Boussau, Catherine M Breton, Elena Buzan, Paula F Campos, Carlos Carreras, L. FIlipe Castro, Luis J. Chueca, Elena Conti, Robert Cook-Deegan, Daniel Croll, Mónica V Cunha, Frédéric Delsuc, Alice B. Dennis, Dimitar Dimitrov, Rui Faria, Adrien Favre, Olivier D. Fedrigo, Rosa Fernández, Gentile Francesco Ficetola, Jean-François Flot, Toni Gabaldón, Dolores R. Galea Agius, Guido R. Gallo, Alice M. Giani, M. Thomas P Gilbert, Tine Grebenc, Katerina Guschanski, Romain Guyot, Bernhard Hausdorf, Oliver Hawlitschek, Peter D Heintzman, Berthold Heinze, Michael Hiller, Martin Husemann, Alessio Iannucci, Iker Irisarri, Kjetill S Jakobsen, Sissel Jentoft, Peter Klinga, Agnieszka Kloch, Claudius F Kratochwil, Henrik Kusche, Kara KS Layton, Jennifer A Leonard, Emmanuelle Lerat, Gianni Liti, Tereza Manousaki, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Pável Matos-Maraví, Michael Matschiner, Florian Maumus, Ann M. Mc Cartney, Shai Meiri, José Melo-Ferreira, Ximo Mengual, Michael T. Monaghan, Matteo Montagna, Robert W Myslajek, Marco T Neiber, Violaine Nicolas, Marta Novo, Petar Ozretic, Ferran Palero, Lucian Pârvulescu, Marta Pascual, Octávio S. Paulo, Martina Pavlek, Cinta Pegueroles, Loïc Pellissier, Graziano Pesole, Craig R Primmer, Ana Riesgo, Lukas Rüber, Diego Rubolini, Daniele Salvi, Ole Seehausen, Matthias Seidel, Simona Secomandi, Bruno Studer, Spyros Theodoridis, Marco Thines, Lara Urban, Anti Vasemägi, Adriana Vella, Noel Vella, Sonja C Vernes, Cristiano Vernesi, David R Vieites, Robert M Waterhouse, Christopher W Wheat, Gert Wörheide, Yannick Wurm, and Gabrielle Zammit. Affiliations: Giulio Formenti, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Kathrin Theissinger, LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany, University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environental Sciences, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Carlos Fernandes, CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal; Iliana Bista, University of Cambridge, Department of Genetics, Downing Street, CB2 3EH, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden, 2333 CR, The Netherlands; Aureliano Bombarely, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Italy; Christoph Bleidorn, University of Göttingen, Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Untere Karspüle, 2, 37073 Germany; Fedor Ciampor, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Science, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; Claudio Ciofi, University of Florence, Department of Biology, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy; Angelica Crottini, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; José A Godoy, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Calle Americo Vespucio 26, 41092 Spain; Jacob Hoglund, Dept. of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75246, Sweden; Joanna Malukiewicz, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Germany; Alice Mouton, InBios - Conservation Genetics Lab, University of Liege, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000, Belgium; Rebekah A Oomen, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway, Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, Gimlemoen 25j, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway; Sadye Paez, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Per Palsbøll, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Nijenborgh, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands, Center for Coastal Studies, 5 Holway Avenue, Provincetown, MA 02657, USA; Christophe Pampoulie, Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Fornubúðir, 5,220, Hanafjörður, Iceland; María José Ruiz-López, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. Américo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Hannes Svardal, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Belgium; Constantina Theofanopoulou, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA; Jan de Vries, University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Dept. of Applied Bioinformatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Germany; Ann-Marie Waldvogel, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicherstrasse 47b, D-50674, Germany; Goujie Zhang, Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Build 3, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark, China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Dapeng District, Shenzhen 518083, China, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiaochang East Road, Wupan District, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Camila J Mazzoni, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Str 17 10315 Berlin, Germany, Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Koenigin-Luise-Str 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Erich Jarvis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Miklós Bálint, LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Sargis A Aghayan, Chair of Zoology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia; Tyler S Alioto, CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Isabel Almudi, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Nadir Alvarez, Geneva Natural History Museum, 1 route de Malagnou, 1208 Geneva, Switzerland, University of Geneva, Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, 4 Boulevard d'Yvoy, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Paulo C Alves, CIBIO/InBIO, University of Porto, Campus of Vairão, 4485-661, Vila do Conde, Portugal, Dep Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Isabel R Amorim, cE3c -- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Àvila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal; Agostinho Antunes, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Paula Arribas, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), S.C. La Laguna, 38206, Spain; Petr Baldrian, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4 14220, Czech Republic; Paul R Berg, University of Agder, Centre for Coastal Research, 25, Universitetsveien, Kristiansand N-4630, Norway, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 21, Gaustadallèen, Oslo N-0349, Norway; Giorgio Bertorelle, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 46, via Borsari, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Astrid Böhne, Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Reseach Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Andrea Bonisoli-Alquati, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 3801 W Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91767, USA; Ljudevit L Bostjancic, LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Bastien Boussau, UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Bât. Grégor Mendel, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, France 69622; Catherine M Breton, Alliance Bioiversity CIAT, Europe -- Montpellier Office, Bioversity International France, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, French Institute of Bioinformatics (IFB)--South Green Bioinformatics Platform, Bioversity, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Elena Buzan, University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Glagoljaska 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia, Environmental Protection College, Trg mladosti 7, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia; Paula F Campos, CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; Carlos Carreras, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; L. FIlipe Castro, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal; Luis J Chueca, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 7, Paseo de la Universidad, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain, LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), 25, Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany; Elena Conti, University of Zurich, Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, 107 Zollikerstrasse, Zurich 8008, Switzerland; Robert Cook-Deegan, Arizona State University, 1800 I (Eye) Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA; Daniel Croll, University of Neuchatel, 11, Emile-Argand, Neuchatel CH-2000, Switzerland; Mónica V Cunha, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Campus da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, C2 Building, Campo Grande 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal, BioISI- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Campus da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Teclabs Building, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Frédéric Delsuc, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France; Alice B Dennis, University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry & Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, Room 2.77, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Dimitar Dimitrov, Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Rui Faria, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas N7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Adrien Favre, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, 25 Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt/Main D-60325, Germany; Olivier D Fedrigo, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Rosa Fernández, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 37-49 Passeig marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Gentile Francesco Ficetola, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano Italy, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Jean-François Flot, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), C.P. 160/12, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Toni Gabaldón, Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Jordi Girona, 29. , 08034 Barcelona, Spain, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Carrer de Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Dolores R Galea Agius, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD2080, Malta, Ä .F. Abela Junior College, Department of Biology, Ä uzè Debono Square, Msida MSD 1252, Malta; Guido R Gallo, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 26, Via Celoria, Milan 20133, Italy; Alice M Giani, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA; M. Thomas P Gilbert, Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, The University of Copenhagen, 5A, Oester Farimagsgade, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark, University Museum, NTNU, 47B, Erling Skakkes gate, Trondheim, Norway; Tine Grebenc, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Katerina Guschanski, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Ash worth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK, Uppsala University, Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; Romain Guyot, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911, ave Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394, France; Bernhard Hausdorf, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Museum Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Oliver Hawlitschek, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Museum Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Peter D Heintzman, The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, Tromsø, N-9037, Norway; Berthold Heinze, Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), 8, Seckendorff-Gudent Weg, Vienna, 1130, Austria; Michael Hiller, LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany, Senckenberg Society for Nature Research, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany, Goethe-University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Martin Husemann, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Museum Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Alessio Iannucci, University of Florence, Department of Biology, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy; Iker Irisarri, University of Goettiingen, 1 Goldschmidtstr., Goettiingen, 37077, Germany, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goettiingen, Germany; Kjetill S Jakobsen, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Dept. of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; Sissel Jentoft, University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway; Peter Klinga, Technical University in Zvolen, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Phytology, 24, T.G. Masaryka, Zvolen, 960 01, Slovak Republic, DIANA -- Carpathian Wildlife Research, 47, Mládeznícka, Banská Bystrica 974 04, Slovak Republic; Agnieszka Kloch, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Department of Ecology, Univeristy of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Ilii, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; Claudius F Kratochwil, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 1, Viikinkaari, Helsinki, 00790, Finland; Henrik Kusche, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Museum Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Kara KS Layton, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK; Jennifer A Leonard, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avd. Americo Vespucio 26, Seville, 41092, Spain; Emmanuelle Lerat, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Bat. Mendel, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France; Gianni Liti, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 NICE Cedex 2, France; Tereza Manousaki, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Former U.S. Base of Gournes, P.O. Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Tomas Marques-Bonet, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Spain, Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain, CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Pável Matos-Maraví, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovská 1160/31, 37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; Michael Matschiner, University of Oslo, 1, Sars' gate, Oslo, 0562, Norway; Florian Maumus, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, URGI, 78026, Versailles, France; Ann M Mc Cartney, National Institute of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Shai Meiri, Tel Aviv University, School of Zoology, the Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, 12 Klausner street, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; José Melo-Ferreira, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 7, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, s/n, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal; Ximo Mengual, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoological Reseach Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Michael T Monaghan, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 301, Müggelseedamm, Berlin, 12587, Germany, Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 1-3, Königin-Luise-Str., Berlin 12489, Germany; Matteo Montagna, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Università degli Studi di Milano, 2, Via Celoria, Milan, I-20133, Italy, BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, 100, Via Università, Portici I-80055, Italy; Robert W Myslajek, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Department of Ecology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, 101 Zwirki i Wigury, Warszawa, 02-089, Poland; Marco T Neiber, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Museum Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Violaine Nicolas, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP51, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France; Marta Novo, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nováis, 12, Madrid, 28040, Spain; Petar Ozretic, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia; Ferran Palero, Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Universitat de Valencia, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; Lucian Pârvulescu, Department of Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16A Pestalozzi St., Timisoara, 300115, Romania, Environmental Advanced Research Institute, West University of Timisoara, Vasile Pârvan 4 Bd., Timisoara 300223, Romania; Marta Pascual, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Octávio S Paulo, cE3c -- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, P-1749-016, Lisboa; Martina Pavlek, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia; Cinta Pegueroles, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Loïc Pellissier, ETH Zürich, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Unit of Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Graziano Pesole, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Campus "E. Quagliariello", voa Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy, Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Campus "E. Quagliariello", voa Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy, Consorzio Interuniversitario Bioteconologie, via Flavia, 23/1, 34148 Trieste, Italy; Craig R Primmer, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Biotechnology (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014, Finland; Ana Riesgo, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales -- CSIC, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28028, Spain, Natural History Museum of London, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK; Lukas Rüber, Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, 15 Bernastrasse, Bern, 3005, Switzerland, Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 6 Balzerstrasse, Bern 3012, Switzerland; Diego Rubolini, Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano, I-20133, Italy; Daniele Salvi, Department of Health, Life & Environmental Sciences - University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio snc, 67100 L'Aquila-Coppito, Italy; Ole Seehausen, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science & Technology, Seestrasse 79, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; Matthias Seidel, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Museum Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Simona Secomandi, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 26, Via Celoria, Milan 20133, Italy; Bruno Studer, Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Spyros Theodoridis, Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum: Frankfurt, DE, 25 Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt am Main 60325 Germany; Marco Thines, Goethe University, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany, LOEWE Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany; Lara Urban, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, 270 Gt King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand; Anti Vasemägi, Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2, Stångholmsvägen, Drottningholm, 178 93, Sweden, Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 56A, Kreutzwaldi, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Adriana Vella, Conservation Biology Research Group, University of Malta, Taq-Qroqq, Msida, MSD2080, Malta; Noel Vella, Conservation Biology Research Group, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta; Sonja C Vernes, School of Biology, The University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Cristiano Vernesi, Forest Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, 1, via Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Italy; David R Vieites, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales -CSIC, Calle José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain; Robert M Waterhouse, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Christopher W Wheat, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 18B, Svante Arrheniusväg, Stockholm, S-10691, Sweden; Gert Wörheide, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, Munich, 80333, Germany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, GeoBio-Center, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, Munich 80333, Germany, SNSB - Bavarian State Collections for Palaeontology and Geology, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, Munich 80333, Germany; Yannick Wurm, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E5 8HS, United Kingdom, Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK; Gabrielle Zammit, Department of Biology, University of Malta, Biomedical Sciences Building, MSD2080, Msida, Malta, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Biomedical Sciences Building, MSD2080 Msida, Malta Byline: Giulio Formenti (1,29), Kathrin Theissinger (2,3,4,29), Carlos Fernandes (5,6,29), Iliana Bista (7,8), Aureliano Bombarely (9), Christoph Bleidorn (10), Claudio Ciofi (11), Angelica Crottini (12), José A. Godoy (13), Jacob Höglund (14), Joanna Malukiewicz (15), Alice Mouton (16), Rebekah A. Oomen (17,18), Sadye Paez (1), Per J. Palsbøll (19,20), Christophe Pampoulie (21), María J. Ruiz-López (13), Hannes Svardal (22), Constantina Theofanopoulou (1), Jan de Vries (23), Ann-Marie Waldvogel (24), Guojie Zhang (25,26), Camila J. Mazzoni (27), Erich D. Jarvis (1), Miklós Bálint [miklos.balint@senckenberg.de] (2,4,28,*), Giulio Formenti (1), Kathrin Theissinger (2,120,164), Carlos Fernandes (3,121), Iliana Bista (4,122), Aureliano Bombarely (5), Christoph Bleidorn (6), Fedor Ciampor (7), Claudio Ciofi (8), Angelica Crottini (9), José A. Godoy (10), Jacob Hoglund (11), Joanna Malukiewicz (12), Alice Mouton (13), Rebekah A. Oomen (14,123), Sadye Paez (1), Per Palsbøll (15,124), Christophe Pampoulie (16), María José Ruiz-López (17), Hannes Svardal (18), Constantina Theofanopoulou (19), Jan de Vries (20), Ann-Marie Waldvogel (21), Goujie Zhang (22,125,165), Camila J. 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