Abstract :
Keywords: recurrent urinary tract infections; treatment; antibiotics; prophylaxis; prevention; #Urology; #UroUTI Objective To compare recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI) guidelines from major urological and non-urological organisations internationally and identify areas of consensus and discrepancy. Methods PubMed, Google Scholar and the official webpages of major urological, gynaecological, infectious diseases and general practice organisations were searched for rUTI guidelines in March 2022. Nine guidelines were included for review: European Association of Urology, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, American Academy of Family Physicians, Mexican College of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Specialists, Swiss Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, German Association of Scientific Medical Societies, and the combined American Urological Association/Canadian Urological Association/Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction. Results The definition and evaluation of rUTIs, and antibiotic prophylaxis strategies, were mostly consistent across guidelines, and emphasised the importance of obtaining urine cultures and limiting cystoscopy and upper tract imaging in women without risk factors. Variable recommendations were noted for symptomatic treatment, self-initiated antibiotics, and antibiotic-sparing preventative strategies such as cranberry, vaginal oestrogen, immunoactive prophylaxis with OM-89, intravesical glycosaminoglycan instillation, and phytotherapeutics. Recent randomised evidence supports the use of methenamine hippurate. Either continuous or post-coital prophylactic antibiotics were supported by all guidelines. None of the guidelines were tailored to the management recurrent complicated UTI. Conclusion Multiple rUTI guidelines were identified and mostly limited their recommendations to otherwise healthy non-pregnant women with uncomplicated cystitis. Variation was noted, particularly in antibiotic-sparing preventative strategies. Some conflicting recommendations are due to more recent guidelines including updated evidence. Future guidelines should consider recommendations to assist management of complex patient groups, such as recurrent complicated UTI. CAPTION(S): TableS1. Quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. TableS2. Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) quality assessment of included guidelines. Byline: Michael Kwok, Stephen McGeorge, Johanna Mayer-Coverdale, Bianca Graves, David L. Paterson, Patrick N.A. Harris, Rachel Esler, Caroline Dowling, Sumudu Britton, Matthew J. Roberts